Tom Tipton
A5035892236- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
- Viral Infections and Vectors
- COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Viral gastroenteritis research and epidemiology
- Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Disaster Response and Management
- Immune responses and vaccinations
- Hepatitis B Virus Studies
- vaccines and immunoinformatics approaches
- Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Respiratory viral infections research
- Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Medieval Literature and History
- SARS-CoV-2 detection and testing
- Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
- Hepatitis Viruses Studies and Epidemiology
- COVID-19 diagnosis using AI
- T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Infection Control and Ventilation
University of Oxford
2021-2025
Centre for Human Genetics
2021-2024
UK Health Security Agency
2023
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
2022
National Institute for Health Research
2022
University of Birmingham
2022
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
2022
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
2022
Public Health England
2019-2021
Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée
2020
Extension of the interval between vaccine doses for BNT162b2 mRNA was introduced in United Kingdom to accelerate population coverage with a single dose. At this time, trial data were lacking, and we addressed study healthcare workers. The first dose induced protection from infection circulating alpha (B.1.1.7) variant over several weeks. In substudy 589 individuals, show that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses sustained...
There is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report dose titration study SARS-CoV-2 in ferret model. After high (5 × 106 pfu) medium 104 virus delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding upper respiratory tract (URT) observed 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low 102 challenge. Following sequential culls pathological mild multifocal bronchopneumonia approximately...
The extent to which immune responses natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and immunization vaccines protect against variants of concern (VOC) is increasing importance. Accordingly, here we analyse antibodies T cells a recently vaccinated, UK cohort, alongside those recovering from in early 2020. We show that neutralization the VOC compared reference isolate original circulating lineage, B, reduced: more profoundly B.1.351 than for B.1.1.7, or...
A novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has been identified as the causative agent of current COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models, and in particular non-human primates, are essential to understand pathogenesis emerging diseases assess safety efficacy vaccines therapeutics. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 replicates upper lower respiratory tract causes pulmonary lesions both rhesus cynomolgus macaques. Immune responses against also similar species equivalent those reported milder infections convalescent...
Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immune responses and infection outcomes were evaluated in 2,686 patients with varying immune-suppressive disease states after administration of two Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Overall, 255 2,204 (12%) failed to develop anti-spike antibodies, an additional 600 (27%) generating low levels (<380 AU ml −1 ). Vaccine failure rates highest ANCA-associated vasculitis on rituximab (21/29, 72%), hemodialysis...
Both infection and vaccination, alone or in combination, generate antibody T cell responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, the maintenance of such responses-and hence protection from disease-requires careful characterization. In a large prospective study UK healthcare workers (HCWs) (Protective Immunity Cells Healthcare Workers [PITCH], within larger SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Evaluation [SIREN] study), we previously observed that prior strongly...
Abstract Pronounced immune escape by the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has resulted in many individuals possessing hybrid immunity, generated through a combination of vaccination and infection. Concerns have been raised that omicron breakthrough infections triple-vaccinated result poor induction omicron-specific prior infection is associated with dampening. Taking broad comprehensive approach, we characterize mucosal blood immunity to spike non-spike antigens following BA.1/BA.2 triple...
Abstract Human Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks caused by persistent EBOV infection raises questions on the role of zoonotic spillover in filovirus epidemiology. To characterise exposure, we collected cross-sectional serum samples from bushmeat hunters ( n = 498) Macenta Prefecture Guinea, adjacent to index site 2013 EBOV-Makona event. We identified distinct immune signatures (20/498, 4.0%) multiple antigens (GP, NP, VP40) using stepwise ELISA and Western blot analysis and, live neutralisation...
With the continued emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants and concerns waning immunity, there is a need for better defined correlates protection to aid future vaccine therapeutic developments. Whilst neutralising antibody titres are associated with protection, these typically determined in absence complement system, which has potential enhance neutralisation strengthen vivo. Here we show that replenishment system assays can significantly titres, up an ~83-fold increase BA.1.1.529 strain using...
Abstract Both natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and immunization a number of vaccines induce protective immunity. However, the ability such immune responses to recognize therefore protect against emerging variants is matter increasing importance. Such concern (VOC) include isolates lineage B1.1.7, first identified in UK, B1.351, South Africa. Our data confirm that VOC, particularly those substitutions at residues 484 417 escape neutralization by antibodies directed ACE2-binding Class 1...
Background: Following a single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, higher antibody titres are observed following prior SARS-CoV-2 infection than in infection-naive individuals, but T-cell responses less well defined.Methods: We sampled healthcare workers (HCWs) enrolled the UK PITCH study, before and after vaccination. measured spike-specific antibody, quantified by IFNγ ELISpot assay intracellular staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), comparing SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals to those...
Duration of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV (PWH) following vaccination is unclear. In a substudy the phase II/III COV002 trial (NCT04400838), 54 HIV+ male participants on antiretroviral therapy (undetectable viral loads, CD4+ T cells > 350 cells/μL) received 2 doses ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) 4–6 weeks apart and were followed for 6 months. Responses to determined by serology (IgG ELISA Meso Scale Discovery [MSD]), neutralization, ACE-2 inhibition, IFN-γ...
Abstract In December 2019 an outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) emerged in Wuhan, China. The causative agent was subsequently identified and named severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which rapidly spread worldwide causing a pandemic. Currently there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available against SARS-CoV-2 but numerous candidate development repurposed drugs being tested the clinic. There is vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to further our...
The tuberculosis vaccine, Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), also affords protection against non-tuberculous diseases attributable to heterologous immune mechanisms such as trained innate immunity, activation of non-conventional T-cells, and cross-reactive adaptive immunity. Aerosol vaccine delivery can target responses toward the primary site infection for a respiratory pathogen. Therefore, we hypothesised that aerosol BCG would enhance cross-protective action severe acute syndrome...
A SARS-CoV-2 controlled human infection model (CHIM) has been successfully established in seronegative individuals using a dose of 1×10
Extension of the interval between vaccine doses for BNT162b2 mRNA was introduced in UK to accelerate population coverage with a single dose. In study 503 healthcare workers, we show that after priming following first there is marked decline SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels, but, contrast, sustained T cell response spike protein. This divergent immune profile accompanied by robust protection from infection over this period circulating alpha (B.1.1.7) variant. Importantly, second...
Abstract Background People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) good CD4 T-cell counts make effective immune responses following vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are few data longer term and the impact of a booster dose. Methods Adults HIV were enrolled into single arm open label study. Two doses ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 followed 12 months later by third heterologous vaccine Participants had undetectable...
Comparative assessments of immunogenicity following different COVID-19 vaccines in patients with distinct liver diseases are lacking. SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell and antibody responses were evaluated longitudinally after one to three vaccine doses, long-term follow-up for COVID-19-related clinical outcomes.
Abstract Both natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and immunization vaccines induce protective immunity. However, the extent to which such immune responses protect against emerging variants is of increasing importance. Such concern (VOC) include isolates lineage B.1.1.7, first identified in UK, B.1.351, South Africa. Our data confirm that VOC, particularly those substitutions at residues 484 417, escape neutralization by antibodies directed ACE2-binding Class 1 adjacent 2 epitopes but are...
Two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces a strong systemic SARS-CoV-2 specific humoral response. However, airborne transmission makes mucosal immune response crucial first line defense. Therefore, we characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG responses induced by vaccine, as well to other pathogenic and seasonal human coronaviruses in oral fluid plasma from 200 UK healthcare workers who were naïve (N=62) or previously infected with (N=138) using pan-coronavirus multiplex binding immunoassay...
Background: Following a single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, higher antibody titres are observed following prior SARS-CoV-2 infection than in infection-naive individuals, but T-cell responses less well defined. Methods: We sampled healthcare workers (HCWs) enrolled the UK PITCH study, before and after vaccination. measured spike-specific antibody, quantified by IFNγ ELISpot assay intracellular staining peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), comparing SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals to...